History of Laptop

GRID Compass 1101, is the first laptop computer ever made was designed in 1979 by Bill Moggridge, a British industrial designer. Sold for $ 8,150, it's definitely not a computer for everyone. Target users are businessmen and government officials. It is also used by the US Army in the field and at the NASA Space shuttles during the 90s era. Weight 5kg (11 pounds) komputermenampilkan electroluminescent 320 × 200px, ELD screen, an Intel 8086 processor, 340kb magnetic bubble memory and magnesium alloy case flat back. Floppy drives and hard drives can be connected to an external. Although many are using the laptop, I'm sure there are a few who know about the history that began with Laptop Computer. Now the laptop comes with a variety of sizes, thin and measuring 8 "weighing less than 1kilogram. Here history; Idea Computers Before laptops introduced technique, the idea of ​​a computer that is transferred has been proposed by Alan Kay. This can be seen in the Dynabook concept developed by Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Centre) in the early 1970s. This concept is the development of a prototype Alto were also made by Xerox PARC. The first portable computer which is commercially marketed Osborne 1, which was developed in 1981. This computer is the first computer that can be taken anywhere even when using it we have to connect it to the power house. With a thin CRT screen size of 5 "and weighs 23.5 pounds (12 kg), the computer is using the CP / M operating system and is equipped with a 4 MHz Z80 CPU, main memory 65 kilobytes, and floppy disk drives. Compaq In 1983 Compaq issued its first product which is also quite successful, the Compaq Portable. This product is an IBM clone computer, because at that time IBM is a standard program for all computers. This computer is more portable than the Osborne 1 because it is lighter. The same operating system used with the Osborne 1, the CP / M OS. Besides this computer also runs MS-DOS program. Epson Other computers were also issued this year was the Epson HX-20. This product actually began to be developed in 1981, but the new launch held in 1983. The computer that fall into the category of handheld computer uses a full keyboard with 68 keys, batteries nickel cadmium (NiCd) rechargeable, dot-matrix LCD display with a resolution 120 x 32 pixels. The screen is capable of displaying 4 lines with each line containing 20 characters. There is also the Ms-BASIC and RAM of 16 kibibyte which can be enlarged to 32 kibibyte. The existence of a laptop which can arguably began with the launch of the GRID Compass 1101 in April 1982. This computer designed by Bill Moggridge of British Industrial in 1979. The materials used to make it is a mixture of magnesium by taking the model shell (Clamshell). With this model the computer can be closed with the screen position is above and to deal with keyboard. This laptop uses an Intel 8086, electroluminescent display (CGA) with a resolution of 320 x 200 pixels, and bubble memory of 384 kilobytes. It also uses a modem with a speed of 1200 bits per second. Hardrive and floppy disks associated with the use of 488 I / O (known as GPIB = General Purpose Instrumental Bus). The operating system used is GRID-OS. Computer issued by GRID System Corp. This, during the 1980s used by NASA and the US army. In 1988 GRIDD System Corp. taken over by Tandy Corporation (RadioShack). In 1983 the newly issued new computers sold around 1984, the Sharp PC-500 and the Gavilan SC. Gavilan was the first portable computer that uses the name 'laptop'. Both computers use the same model with the GRID Compass, ie shell models. In addition they also use the LCD screen and can be connected with an optional printer. Bestselling In 1983 also launched a computer capable of performing the most sales for the first time in the history of the laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic 85. These laptops are quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC. They see this computer has a great potential for success as well as the TRS-80 Model 100 (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201. This machine is operated by using standard AA batteries. Tandy complete with BASIC program, a text editor and terminal program, provided by Microsoft and written directly by Bill Gates. Besides applied also tiltable LCD screen with 8 x 40 characters and internal modem. In terms of ease of carry it, battery life and usage time, and the price is cheap, the computer is becoming a favorite among journalists. Weight of the laptop is no more than 2 kg, with dimensions of 30 x 21.5 x 4.5 cm (12 "x 8.5" x 1.75 "). In addition, this laptop uses 8 KiB of RAM that can be raised to 24 KiB, and 3 MHz processor. IBM On 3 April 1986 IBM launched the first laptop with a commercial purpose, namely the IBM PC Convertible. This laptop is equipped with a 3.5 "floppy disk drive which is a standard device. The processor used is an Intel 80c88, which is a CMOS version of the Intel 8088, which operates at 4.77 MHz. In it there is also a $ 256 KiB RAM expandable to 512 KiB. With LCD display and weighs 13 pounds, the computer is equipped with a handle that makes it easier to carry. This laptop uses a battery as its power source. Paa 1987 Toshiba launched two products at once, the T1000 and T1200. Although limited to only using the DOS operating system stored in ROM, two models from Toshiba has a shape that is very small and light so that the load to be carried in a backpack. It also uses lead-acid batteries. In 1987 the US Air Force to offer a contract to make laptops in large numbers, reaching 200,000 units. Competition for this contract occurs among large laptop industry, such as IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith Data Systems (ZDS). ZDS who previously had won an agreement with the IRS with its Z-171, eventually won the contract with its products, supersport. Supersport is equipped with an Intel 8086 processor, dual floppy disk drive, backlit, LCD display STN blue and white, and NiCd batteries. For further processor used is an Intel 80286 with a 20 MB hard drive. This makes the ZDS became the largest laptop supplier for the period 1987-1988. To fulfill this contract, ZDS cooperation with Tottori Sanyo to provide it. This is the first cooperation between a famous brand with OEM (Original Equipment Manufacture) from Asia. Furthermore, many well-known computer manufacturers who do the same work with OEMs from Asia, like Compaq and Citizen. It also resulted in the growing OEM in Asia, like Chicon, Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio. In 1988 launched by Cambridge Cambridge Computer Z88. This computer was designed by Sir Clive Sinclair, the form of A4 paper. This computer is using power from a standard battery and is equipped with a basic spreadsheet, word processor, as well as programs for communication. This laptop is the forerunner of the manufacture of PDA. NEC and Apple Computer In 1989 two different companies, NEC and Apple Computer, laptop launched respectively, namely NEC Ultralit and Apple Macintosh Portable. Nec Ultralit launched in mid 1989. This laptop is probably the first notebook manufactured by NEC. This laptop has a weight of not less than 2 kg. On these computers contained in it has a hard drive and RAM of 2 mebibyte. Macintosh Portable was launched by Apple Computer has a clear active matrix display and a battery that can survive in the long term. Unfortunately, with these conditions, sales of Mac Portable relatively ugly. This is due to the shape of the Mac Portable is less attractive. Series laptop Apple Computer, Apple Power Books, was launched in 1991. This is the de facto standard laptop that persisted until now. This is seen in the placement of the keyboard, the availability of the palm rest, and trackball. Power Series Books subsequent to the first time using the display with 256 colors (Power Books 165c output in 1993), touchpad, and a voice recorder 16-bit. There are also Ethernet Network Adapter (Power Books 500 series output in 1994). The spring of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computers. In August 1995, Miocrosoft introduced Windows 95. It is the first time Microsoft have full control on the management operating system (operating system). Windows 95 is suitable for application on an Intel Pentium processor and in accordance with the existing ROM on notebooks.

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History of Computer Development

HISTORY OF COMPUTER Computers have been many significant developments. Of small discoveries that can develop into a variety of extraordinary discoveries. In time, the development of computers is divided into two, namely the development of a computer before 1940 and after 1940 the development of computers. A. Development of Computer Before 1940 Since time immemorial, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find equipment mechanics and electronics to help human beings in calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. After all of the data processing devices since ancient times until now could we classify into four major categories. Hardware manual: namely data processing equipment is very simple, and the most important factor in the use of these tools is using the power of the human hand. Mechanical equipment: the equipment that has been shaped mechanical manually moved by hand. Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Equipment mechanic driven automatically by electronic motors. Electronic equipment: Equipment that works fully electronically. Some of the equipment that has been used as an instrument count before the invention of the computer: Abascus; Numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator); Numerical wheel calculator 2; Mechanics Calculator. Beginning of the actual computer set up by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed a natural conformity between mechanical machines and mathematics: excellent mechanical machine in the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; was mathematics requires a simple repetition of a certain steps. The problem then developed to put the machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform the calculation of differential equations. The machine is called Machine Differential. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically. After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start creating a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate Anlytical Engine specifications to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta on machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also making it the first female programmer. In 1980, the US Defense Department named a programming language ADA name as a tribute to him. In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principles of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the US Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it would take ten years to complete the census calculations. In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine can solve complex differential equations that had been considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy as hundreds of teeth and the shaft is required to perform the calculation. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that uses Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding sources. B. Development of Computer After 1940 1. First Generation (1940-1951) At the time of the Second World War, the countries that participated in the war continue to strive to develop a computer that will be used to exploit their potential strategic computer. Because of this, it is an increase in funding from the state to accelerate the development of computers and computer technical progress. And in 1941, an engineer Germany, Konrad Zuse Z3 managed to build a computer that is used to design airplanes and missiles. On the other hand, regarding ally that Britain in 1943 has completed the computer used to break the secret code named Colossus, to decode secret German military used. And the impact of the manufacturing Colussus did not have a significant influence on the development of the computer industry. In addition, in the United States at the time and managed to achieve progress, namely, an engineer Harvard, Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) who worked with IBM succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the US Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of cable along 500mil. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine operates with a slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and more complex equations. Then the development of other computers in those days was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), made by the cooperation between the US government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consume enormous power of 160kW. The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I. In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate either program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back. In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer utilizing the model of von Neumann architecture. First generation computers were characterized by the fact that the operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another characteristic is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large) and a magnetic cylinder for data storage. From the above, first generation computer has the following characteristics: Dipergunakannya component is vacuum tubes (Vacuum tube) to the circuit. The program can only be made with the machine language: Assembler. The physical size of a large computer, requiring a spacious room. Fast heat. Process is not fast enough. Small storage capacity. Require a large electric power. Orientation on business applications. Which includes the first-generation computers, among others: UNIVAC II (the manufacturer Sperry Rand - Univac) Datamatic 1000 (manufacturer Honeywell) Mark II, Mark III, IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 709 (manufacturer International Business Machine) CRC, NCR 102A, 102D NCR (National Cash Register manufacturer) BIZMAC I, BIZMAC II (the manufacturer RCA) 2. Development of Second Generation Computers In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of the computer. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of the electrical machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of the development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors. The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data. The machines are very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the US Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second-generation computers replaced the machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code. In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government. The second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs. One important example was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks. Some programming languages ​​began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program a computer. A wide variety of emerging careers (programmer, analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to appear and grow during this second generation computers. From the above, the second generation has the following characteristics: In the form of a transistor circuit. The program can be made with high-level languages ​​(high level language), such as FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL. The main memory capacity is large enough. The physical size of the computer smaller than the first generation. Operation process has been fast. Requires less power. Oriented business and engineering. The second generation of computers which are: UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90 UNIVAC, UNIVAC 1107 9pabrik-maker Sperry Rand UNIVAC). Burrouhgs 200 (manufacturer Burroughs). IBM 7070, IBM 7080, IBM 1400, IBM 1600. NCR 300 (manufacturer National Cash Register). 400 Honeywell, Honeywell 800. CDC 1604, CDC 160A (manufacturer Control Data Corporation). GE 635, GE 645, GE 200 (manufacturer General Electric). 3. Development of Third Generation Computers Although the transistor is superior to the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. The scientists managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip. Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs together with a central program that monitors and coordinates the computer's memory. From the above, third-generation computers have the following characteristics The components used are IC (Integrated Circuits). Enhancement of its software. Faster processing. Larger memory capacity. More efficient use of electricity. Smaller physical form. More affordable price. The third generation computers include: UNIVAC 1109, UNIVAC 9000. 5700 Burroughs, Burroughs 6700, Burroughs 7700. GE 600, GE 235. CDC 3000, CDC 6000, CDC 7000. PDP-8, the PDP-11 (manufacturer Digital Equipment Corporation). 4. The development of Fourth Generation Computers In the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip the size of a half dime helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability. Intel 4004 chip made in 1971, took the IC with all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors. In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, video games such as the Atari 2600 ignited consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed. In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in home, office, and school. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtops). IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in the computer. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers. From the above, the fourth-generation computers have the following characteristics: Using Large Scale Integration (LSI). Developed microcomputer using a microprocessor and semiconductor memory in the form of chips for computers. The fourth-generation computers include: IBM 370. Apple II. IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / AT, IBM PS / 2, IBM PC / 386, IBM PC / 486. IBM Pentium II. 5. The development of the Fifth Generation Computer Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information. In this generation is characterized by the emergence of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the solidification of thousands microprocessor into a microprocessor. In addition, it is also marked by the emergence of microprocessor and semi-conductor. Companies that make the microprocessor include: Intel Corporation, Motorola, Zilog and others. In the market we can see the microprocessor from Intel with models 4004, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium. Pentium-4 is the latest production from Intel Corporation that is expected to cover all the weaknesses that exist in previous products, in addition, the ability and speed of the Pentium-4 also increased to 2 GHz. The pictures were shown to be much smoother and sharper, in addition to the speed of processing, sending or receiving pictures also becomes faster. Pentium-4 manufactured using 0:18 micron technology. With the increasingly smaller form resulting in power, current and voltage heat released is also getting smaller. With a faster processor cooler, can produce higher MHz speed. Speed ​​owned is 20 times faster than a Pentium-3 generation. Packard Bell iXtreme 4140i is one of the PC computer that has been used as a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz, 128 MB RDRAM memory, the hard disk of 40 GB (1.5 GB is used for recovery), as well as GeForce2 MX video card with 32 MB of memory. HP Pavilion 9850 is also a PC that uses a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz her. PC Pentium-4-Packard's Hewllett daaing with predominantly black and gray. Compared with other PC, Pavilion is a PC Pentium-4 with complete facilities. Owned by RDRAM memory 128 MB, 30 GB hard disk with a monitor at 17 inches. Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. ICOT institute (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world paradigm computerization.

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Output Device Tool

Output Device or in Indonesian output device is a hardware device that acts as an interpreter media information generated by the computer. With the output device, the computer can deliver the results of a process the data to humans as pengguananya. The information presented in a visual form that can be seen by the eye through screens, sound by ear or imaged / written on paper. In general, there are five that are included in the category of output devices, namely: 1. Monitor Monitor is the most common output devices. The monitor displays the information in the form of text, images and video. Monitor can be distinguished by size, resolution, technology, refresh rate and color. 2. Speakers and headphones Speaker and head phones are devices that produce sound output either in the form of music and sound. Speaker and head phone is connected via a cable that is plugged into the sound card (sound processing devices) 3. Printer The printer is an output device used for printing. The printout can be a character, text, symbols and images that look on paper, the results of this output is also often referred to as a hard copy. The printer can be connected to a computer via RS232 serial cable to the printer type of old, and USB to the kinds of the latest printers. With the advancement of technology today, the printer can also be used via wireless (without cable). 4. Projector Projector is an output device that functions similarly to a monitor but produce larger view. The workings of the projector is an object reflects light in the form of text or images generated from a computer process. 5. Plotter Plotter is an output device that is used to print the image type of vector that consists of dots that make up an image coordinates. Are functionally equivalent to the printer but how the different printing processes.

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Server Computer

The server is a computer system that provides a specific kind of service in a computer network. Server powered by a processor that is scalable and large RAM, is also equipped with a special operating system, which is referred to as a network operating system. The server also runs the administrative software that controls access to the network and the resources contained therein, as well as files or printers, and provide access to the work station network members. Generally, in the server operating system there are various services that use the architecture client / server. Examples of these services is the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol, mail server, the server PTH, PTB servers, DNS servers, and so forth. Each server operating systems generally bundle these services, even though third parties can also create a separate service. Each service will respond to requests from clients. For example, a client PKHD will provide request to the server running the server service PKHD; when a client requires an IP address, the client will give the request to the server, the language understood by server PKHD, namely PKHD protocol itself. Examples of server operating system is Windows NT 3.51, and continued with Windows NT 4.0. Currently the system is quite popular is Windows 2000 Server and Windows Server 2003, then Sun Solaris, Unix, and GNU / Linux. The server is usually connected with clients with UTP cable and a network card. This network card is usually a PCI or ISA card. Judging from its function, the server can be categorized into several types, such as application servers, data servers and proxy servers. Server is a server application that is used to store a wide variety of applications that can be accessed by the client, the server the data itself is used for storing data used either directly or client data is processed by the application server. Proxy server is used to manage traffic on the network through a proxy arrangement. Lay people more familiar with the proxy server to connect client computers to the Internet. Server usability very much, for example for internet sites, science, or a data storage.

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The Type of Hard Drive

Hard disk is a data storage medium on a computer that is comprised of a collection of magnetic hard disk and rotating, as well as other electronic components. Hard disk uses a flat disk called a platter, which on both sides is coated with a material that is designed to be able to store information magnetically. Platter-platter are prepared by punching holes in the middle and arranged on a spindle. Platter spinning at a very high speed which is controlled by the spindle motor that is connected to the spindle. Electromagnetic literacy tool specifically named head mounted on a slider and is used to store information in a disk or read. Slider mounted on an arm, all of which are mechanically connected to a single set and connected to the surface of the disc through a device called the actuator. There was also the logic board set the activities of other components and communicate with the PC. Disk ATA / EIDE, hard disk with the type of EIDE (Enhanced IntegratedDrive Electronic) or type ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) is the latest version of a standard disk interfaces that sesuaiuntuk connection to the bus, Many manufacturers have a range diskdengan disk interface EIDE / ATA, disk Such dapatdihubungkan directly to the PCI bus, which is used in banyakPC (personal computer). EIDE drives profit / ATA yangsignifikan is the price is quite cheap, karenapenggunaannya in the PC market. One drawback utamanyaadalah required separate controller for each drive if two drivedigunakan simultaneously to improve performance. One of the famous chip satuprodusen already includes templates to enable disk controller EIDE / ATA connected directly kemotherboard. Disk SCSI, many disk has a user interface that is designed for connection to standard SCSI bus. The disk tends to be more expensive, but have better performance, which is possible due to excess SCSI bus than the PCI bus. Concurrent access can be made to multiple disk drives because the interface drive is actively connected to the SCSI bus only when the drive is ready for data transfer. It is especially useful in applications where there are a large number of requests for small files, which often happens in a computer used as a file server. Disk RAID, promising outstanding performance and provide great storage and reliable. Disk is used both in high-performance computer or in systems that require reliability dramatically higher than normal levels. However, with the decline in prices to a more affordable level, the disk becomes more attractive even for a computer system to measure - average. Disk SATA, SATA hard disk with the type (Serial Advanced Technology Attachment), the disk interface ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) with a serial version using thin wires which have a total small cable about two-thirds of the total cable with type EIDE hard drive or ATA disks are numbered SATA has 39 pins and very high speed data transmission as well as reducing the latency. So that the serial bus is capable of exceeding speed parallel bus. Disk SATA transfer data sequentially or through a serial cable and also developing their own techniques SATA disk connected to the motherboard without the system master or slave, thus SATA cables can only be used on a single hard disk. The type of hard disk that has been discussed, all fall into the category of internal hard disk, that is installed in the CPU. In addition there is also the internal hard disk external hard drive (hard disk that are outside the CPU), so it can be moved - to move. External hard disk has a rotation speed of 7200 rpm, very easy installation, no need to disassemble the PC and only by connecting the USB port to a PC, and can transfer data at 480 Mbps.

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Microprossesor History

Processor is the brain and the central control computer that is supported by other kompunen. Processor is a IC that controls the overall operations of a computer system. Processor is used as the center or brain of the computer that functions to perform calculations and run errands. The processor is a chip that is often called "Microprosessor" which is now the size has reached gigahertz. The measure is a matter of processor speed in processing data or information. Brands processor that many in the market is AMD, Apple, VIA Cyrix, IBM, IDT, and Intel. Part of the Processor The most important part of the processor is divided into three, namely: * Aritcmatics Logical Unit (ALU) * Control Unit (CU) * Memory Unit (MU) History of microprocessor 1971: 4004 Microprocessor In 1971 comes the first microprocessor Intel 4004 microprocessor is used in a calculator engine Busicom. With this discovery it opened the way to incorporate artificial intelligence in inanimate objects. 1972: 8008 Microprocessor In 1972 comes the 8008 microprocessor with a magnitude of 2 times that of its predecessor, namely 4004. 1974: 8080 Microprocessor Being the brain of a computer called the Altair, when it sold about ten thousand in 1 month 1978: 8086-8088 Microprocessor An important sales in the computer division occurs in the product for personal computers that use processors made by IBM 8088 which managed to boost intel name. 1982: 286 Microprocessor Intel 286 or better known by the name 80286 is a processor that was first able to recognize and use the software used for the previous processor. 1985: Intel386 ™ Microprocessor Intel 386 is a processor that has an embedded diprosessor 275,000 transistors which when compared with 4004 has 100 times more compared to 4004 1989: Intel486 ™ DX CPU Microprocessor First processor facilitates a variety of applications that previously had to type in commands I be just a click away, and has a complex mathematical functions that minimize the workload on the processor. 1993: Intel® Pentium® Processor The new generation processor is capable of handling various types of data such as voice, sound, handwriting, and photos. 1995: Intel® Pentium® Pro Processor Processor is designed for use on server and workstation applications, which are made to process data quickly, this processor has 5.5 Million transistors are embedded. 1997: Intel® Pentium® II Processor Pentium II processor is a processor that incorporates Intel MMX designed specifically to process video data, audio, and graphics efficiently. There are 7.5 million transistors integrated in it so that with this processor PC users can process a variety of data and use the internet better. 1998: Intel® Pentium II Xeon Processor Processor made for the needs of the application server. Intel when it wants to meet its strategy that wants to provide a unique processor for a particular market. 1999: Intel® Celeron® Processor Intel Celeron processor is a processor which is issued as a processor intended for users who do not really need a faster processor performance for users who want to build a computer system with a budget (price) is not too large. Intel Celeron processor has the same shape and formfactor with an Intel Pentium type, but only with instructions that fewer, L2 cache is smaller, the speed (clock speed) is slower, and the price is cheaper than Intel Pentium types. With the release of Intel's Celeron processor is then returned giving a processor for a particular market. 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Processor Pentium III processor is a processor with an added 70 new instructions that dramatically enrich the imaging capabilities of high-level, three-dimensional, streaming audio and video applications as well as voice recognition. 1999: Intel® Pentium® III Xeon® Processor Intel back penetrated the server and workstation market by issuing a series of Pentium III Xeon, but the type that has 70 SIMD command. The advantage of this processor is that it can speed up the processing of information from the system bus to the processor, which also boost performance significantly. This processor is also designed to integrate with other similar processors. 2000: Intel® Pentium® 4 Processor Processor Intel Pentium IV is a product that speeds up the process is able to penetrate the speed of 3:06 GHz. First time out this processor with 1.5GHz speed formafactor pin 423, after the intel change formfactor Intel Pentium 4 processor into a pin 478 which starts from an Intel Pentium 4 1.3 GHz speed until the latest ones currently capable of penetrating speed of up to 3.4 GHz. 2001: Intel® Xeon® Processor Processor Intel Pentium 4 Xeon is Intel Pentium 4 processor aimed specifically to act as a server computer. This processor has a pin number more than the Intel Pentium 4 processor with a memory and a larger L2 cache as well. 2001: Intel® Itanium® Processor Is the first Itanium processor-based 64-bit is intended for usage on servers and workstations as well as specific users. This processor has been created with a structure completely different from the previous design and technology based on Intel's Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC). 2002: Intel® Itanium® 2 Processor Itanium 2 is the second generation of the Itanium family 2003: Intel® Pentium® M Processor 855 chipset and Intel® PRO / WIRELESS 2100 is a component of Intel® Centrino ™. Intel Centrino created to meet the needs of the market will be the existence of a computer that is easy to carry anywhere. 2004: Intel Pentium M processors 735/745/755 Equipped with the 855 chipset with new features 2Mb L2 Cache 400MHz system bus and processor socket compatibility with the Pentium M series before. 2004: Intel E7520 / E7320 Chipsets 7320/7520 can be used for dual processor configuration with 800MHz FSB, DDR2 400 memory, and PCI Express peripheral interfaces. 2005: Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.73GHz A processor that is aimed at the market of computer users who want something more than a computer, it uses the configuration 3.73GHz processor frequency, 1.066GHz FSB, EM64T, 2MB L2 cache and HyperThreading. 2005: Intel Pentium D 820/830/840 Processor-based 64-bit and dual-core called because it uses 2 core, with 1MB of L2 cache configuration on each core, 800MHz FSB, and can operate at a frequency of 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, and 3.2GHz. In the processor of this type are also included support HyperThreading. 2006: Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600 Processor for desktop type and is used in people who want more power than the computers that he had to have two cores with 2.4GHz configuration with 8MB of L2 cache (up to 4MB, which are accessible for each core), 1.06GHz front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP) 2006: Quad-core Intel Xeon X3210 / X3220 Processor is used for the type of server and has two cores with each having the configuration of 2:13 and 2.4GHz, respectively, with 8MB of L2 cache (4MB which can achieve accessible for each core), 1.06GHz front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP) Hope It Is Useful

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Article about Computer Technology

Computers are tools used to process the data according to the procedures that have been formulated. Computer word originally used to describe people who perkerjaannya perform arithmetic calculations, with or without tools, but the meaning of the word is then transferred to the machine itself. Origins, processing information almost exclusively related to arithmetical problems, but modern computers are used for many tasks unrelated to mathematics. In the sense that there are tools such as slide rules, mechanical calculators types ranging from abacus and so on, until all the contemporary electronic computers. The term better suited to a broad sense such as "computer" is "that process information" or "information processing systems." Over the years there have been several different meanings in the word "computer", and several different words are now called called computer. Said computer once commonly used to define people who perform arithmetic calculations, with or without auxiliary engine. According to Barnhart Concise Dictionary of Etymology, the word is used in English in 1646 as the word for "people who count" and then before 1897 is also used as a "mechanical calculators". During World War II, the word refers to the workers of the United States and British women who work calculate artillery street war with the machine count. Charles Babbage designed one of the first calculating machine called the analytical engine. In addition, a variety of simple mechanical devices such as slide rule also has to be said as a computer. 1. The computer is the result of sophisticated industrial helpful. Computers as we know it today is the result of the development of electronics and informatics technology so that its original shape sized computer and eating places, now are small with great ability. Industrial progress of electronic components IC (integrated circuit) has encouraged the creation of a variety of diverse devices IC chip and supports a variety of purposes manufacture of electronic products. Electronics technology advancement is inseparable from the advancement of knowledge and the processing of semiconductor materials, especially silicon. The benefits of today's computers are quite diverse ranging as tools to write, draw, edit photos, play video, play songs until the analysis of research data as well as to operate the programs completion of the problems of scientific, industrial and deploying. The world's children have long been familiar with the tools of game play that is controlled by a computer system. In industry, the computer has been used to control production machines with high accuracy (eg CNC, a versatile machine in the metal industry) so that we can find a wide range of metal products industry varied and we imagine difficult if done manually. Many of the machines in the garment industry are equipped with computer control, for example, the company can produce hats bodir cap with embroidered uniform image quality in large quantities in a short time. The trading company has been used as a department store cash register (cash register) equipped with computer control so that the machine can be controlled by the manager just from his room alone. In education, in addition to the lessons encountered as a tool, much of the equipment that is equipped with a computer lab so that the device can work more closely and can overcome barriers to human senses. From the field of education and research that use such tools produced a variety of useful research results that do not feel already widely used in everyday life of society. Various drugs both for human health and agriculture and livestock have been widely used by the community. In the field of biotechnology, equipment culture has much to be equipped with computer control for accuracy seek work in a sterile room. The Australian company has developed a robot for the purposes of this biotechnology. The application of the most sophisticated computer controls contained in aircraft and spacecraft. To be able to overcome the obstacles of nature and difficult for a pilot to manually, a plane can be controlled automatically so that it can fly safely at the destination. Thus the benefits of the computer, for it in this paper are introduced on a computer and how to assemble. In this paper does not explain thoroughly how to build a computer electronic circuit or build a computer software (software), in order to know this you still have to study in the field of Electronics and Information Technology. This article is meant for you not to know any computer or understand it, you can recognize the computer parts, assemble and know how it works, especially to know how to operate the software application then you will feel the benefits of such a large computer. Here again not elaborated on the history of the invention of computers, you just need to believe that the computer is the result of industry that utilize a variety of research and testing of bebeberapa scientific fields. For example scientific field of electronics, informatics, management, materials chemistry, materials physics, physical chemistry, electrochemistry and others. It was some of the computer technology that will be released in 2010, when seen from the shape and sophistication is the technology that will come in 2010 tabhun really - really quite fantastic. TriBook with three ultra-wide-screen concept is 21? the width of the screen. It also has an 8x SuperDrive, a 1TB hard drive, and MacBook Pro-caliber CPU, plus a trackpad multitouch keyboard, 2. HOW TO WORK COMPUTER Memory In this system, memory is a sequence of bytes that are numbered (such as "cells" or "pigeon holes"), each containing a small piece of information. This information may be a command to tell the computer what to do. Cells may contain data that is necessary for the computer to perform a command. Each slot may contain one, and what is now becoming the data may then be perintah.Memori store various forms of information as binary numbers. The information will not be solved binary form (encoded) with a number of instructions that turn it into a number or sequence of numbers. For example: The letter F is stored as a decimal number 70 (or binary digits) using one of the methods of solving. More complex instructions can be used to store images, sound, video, and various kinds of information. The information can be stored in a sell is called a byte. Processing Central Processing Unit or CPU (central processing unit) role is to process the orders given by the computer user, manage shared data on the computer. Processing unit or device will also communicate with the device input, output and storage to carry out instructions that are interrelated. In the original von Neumann architecture, he describes an Arithmetic and Logic Unit and a Control Unit. In modern computers, the unit is located within a single integrated circuit (IC - Integrated Circuit), which is commonly called a CPU (Central Processing Unit). Arithmetic and Logic Unit, or Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), is a device that performs basic implementation such as the implementation of arithmetic (addition, subtraction, and the like), the implementation of the logical (AND, OR, NOT), and the implementation of the comparison (for example, compare the content as much as two slots for equality). On this unit do "work" truth. The control unit saves the current command is performed by a computer, instruct the ALU for carrying out and get back information (from memory) required to execute the order, and move the result back to the appropriate memory location. This unit controls the reading of instructions a computer program. Inputs and results I / O allows the computer to get information from the outside world, and put his work there, it can be physical (hardcopy) or non-physical (softcopy). There are a wide variety of I / O devices, from the familiar keyboard, monitor and disk drives, to the more unusual such as a webcam (web camera, printer, scanner, and so on. Which is owned by all the usual input devices is that they encode (changing) information from a wide into data that can be further processed by a digital computer system. Tool output, decodes the data into information which can be understood by the computer user. In this sense, a digital computer system is an example of a data processing system. Instructions Discussed above command is not a command such as human language. Computers only have a limited number of simple commands well-defined. Regular commands that are understood most computers are "copy the contents of cell 123, and a clone in cell 456", "add the contents of cell 666 to cell 042, and the result in cell 013", and "if the contents of cell 999 are 0, your next order in cell 345 ". Instructions are represented within the computer as numbers - the code for "copy" might be 001, for example. A set of specific commands are supported by a particular computer is known as machine language. In practice, people do not normally write commands for computers directly in machine language but using the programming language "high level" which is then translated into the machine language automatically by special computer programs (interpreters and compilers). Some programming languages ​​are closely related to the machine language, such as assembler (low level languages); on the other hand, languages ​​like Prolog are based on abstract principles far removed from the details of the actual implementation by the engine (high level language). 3. Parts of a computer Computer consists of two major parts of software (software) and hardware (hardware). Hardware Processor or CPU as a data processing unit RAM memory, which store data temporarily Hard drives, semi-permanent storage media Input devices, the media used to input data to be processed by the UPS, such as a mouse, keyboard, and tablet The output device, the media used to display the output of the CPU processing, such as monitors, speakers, plotter, projectors and printers Software Operating system Basic program on a computer that connects users with computer hardware. The operating system used is Linux, Windows, and Mac OS. Operating system tasks including (but not only) set the program execution on it, coordination of input, output, processing, memory, and software installation. Computer program An additional application installed in accordance with its operating system Slots on the computer ISA / PCI add-in card input slot for non-graphic AGP / PCIe slot for graphics add-in card input IDE / SCSI / SATA, slots for hard drives / ODD USB, media input slots for plug-and-play (plug and play, meaning that devices that can be connected directly to a computer and can be used). 4. TYPES OF COMPUTER Analog computer is a term used to describe a computing tool that works on the level of analog. Level analogue here is the opponent (dual) of the digital level, which is a digital level voltage level 'high' (high) and 'low' (lower), which are used in the implementation of binary numbers. Basically, the electronic components that are used as the core of an analog computer is op-amp (operational amplifier). digitalAdalah computer computer machine created to process quantitative data in the form of numbers, letters, punctuation and others. Which pemrosesnya implemented based on technology that converts the signal into a combination of the numbers 0 and 1. Is the result of a technology that converts the signal into a combination of sequence numbers 0 and 1 (also called binary) to process information that is easy, fast and accurate. The signal is called a bit. This digital signal has a variety of unique features that can not be found on analog technology, namely: 1. Able to transmit information at the speed of light that can make the information can be transmitted at high speed. 2. Use repetitive to information does not affect the quality and quantity of the information itself, 3. Information can be easily processed and modified in various forms, 4. Can process information in very large numbers and send them interactively. Computers process data is digitally, via electrical signals it receives or sends. In principle, the computer only recognizes two currents, namely on or off, or a term in the figure often also known as 1 (one) or 0 (zero). The combination of currents on or off is what is capable of making a computer do a lot of things, both in introducing letters, pictures, sounds and even interesting films you watch in a digital format. hybrid computer is a type of computer that is dedicated to the processing of data, both quantitative and qualitative nature, or with another term combines the capabilities of a digital to analog. In other words, quantitative data that is processed to produce data on the qualitative and vice versa.

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