HISTORY OF COMPUTER
Computers have been many significant developments. Of small discoveries that can develop into a variety of extraordinary discoveries. In time, the development of computers is divided into two, namely the development of a computer before 1940 and after 1940 the development of computers.
A. Development of Computer Before 1940
Since time immemorial, the data processing has been performed by humans. Humans also find equipment mechanics and electronics to help human beings in calculation and data processing in order to get results faster. After all of the data processing devices since ancient times until now could we classify into four major categories.
Hardware manual: namely data processing equipment is very simple, and the most important factor in the use of these tools is using the power of the human hand.
Mechanical equipment: the equipment that has been shaped mechanical manually moved by hand.
Electronic Mechanical Equipment: Equipment mechanic driven automatically by electronic motors.
Electronic equipment: Equipment that works fully electronically. Some of the equipment that has been used as an instrument count before the invention of the computer:
Abascus;
Numerical wheel calculator (numerical wheel calculator);
Numerical wheel calculator 2;
Mechanics Calculator.
Beginning of the actual computer set up by a British mathematics professor, Charles Babbage (1791-1871). In 1812, Babbage noticed a natural conformity between mechanical machines and mathematics: excellent mechanical machine in the same tasks repeatedly without mistake; was mathematics requires a simple repetition of a certain steps. The problem then developed to put the machine mechanics as a tool to answer the needs of mechanics. Babbage's first attempt to address this problem emerged in 1822 when he proposed a machine to perform the calculation of differential equations. The machine is called Machine Differential. Using steam, the machine can store programs and can perform calculations and print the results automatically.
After working with Differential Engine for ten years, Babbage was suddenly inspired to start creating a general-purpose computer first, called the Analytical Engine. Babbage's assistant, Augusta Ada King (1815-1842) has an important role in the manufacture of this machine. He helped revise the plan, seek funding from the British government, and communicate Anlytical Engine specifications to the public. In addition, a good understanding of Augusta on machine makes it possible to put instructions into the machine and also making it the first female programmer. In 1980, the US Defense Department named a programming language ADA name as a tribute to him.
In 1889, Herman Hollerith (1860-1929) also apply the principles of perforated cards to perform calculations. His first task is to find a faster way to perform calculations for the US Census Bureau. Previous census conducted in 1880 took seven years to complete the calculation. With growing population, the Bureau estimates that it would take ten years to complete the census calculations.
In the next period, several engineers made other new discoveries. Vannevar Bush (1890-1974) created a calculator to solve differential equations in 1931. The machine can solve complex differential equations that had been considered complicated by academics. The machine is very large and heavy as hundreds of teeth and the shaft is required to perform the calculation. In 1903, John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry tried to make a computer that uses Boolean algebra in electrical circuits. This approach is based on the work of George Boole (1815-1864) in the form of a binary system of algebra, which states that any mathematical equation can be expressed as true or false. By applying the conditions are right and wrong into the electrical circuit in the form of connected-disconnected, Atanasoff and Berry made the first electronic computer in 1940. But those projects stalled due to loss of funding sources.
B. Development of Computer After 1940
1. First Generation (1940-1951)
At the time of the Second World War, the countries that participated in the war continue to strive to develop a computer that will be used to exploit their potential strategic computer. Because of this, it is an increase in funding from the state to accelerate the development of computers and computer technical progress. And in 1941, an engineer
Germany, Konrad Zuse Z3 managed to build a computer that is used to design airplanes and missiles.
On the other hand, regarding ally that Britain in 1943 has completed the computer used to break the secret code named Colossus, to decode secret German military used. And the impact of the manufacturing Colussus did not have a significant influence on the development of the computer industry.
In addition, in the United States at the time and managed to achieve progress, namely, an engineer Harvard, Howard H. Aiken (1900-1973) who worked with IBM succeeded in producing electronic calculators for the US Navy. The calculator is a length of half a football field and has a range of cable along 500mil. The Harvard-IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator, or Mark I, an electronic relay computer. He uses electromagnetic signals to move mechanical components. The machine operates with a slow (taking 3-5 seconds per calculation) and inflexible (order calculations can not be changed). The calculator can perform basic arithmetic calculations and more complex equations.
Then the development of other computers in those days was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC), made by the cooperation between the US government and the University of Pennsylvania. Consisting of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors and 5 million soldered joints, the computer is a machine that consume enormous power of 160kW. The computer was designed by John Presper Eckert (1919-1995) and John W. Mauchly (1907-1980), ENIAC is a versatile computer (general-purpose computer) that work 1000 times faster than Mark I.
In the mid-1940s, John von Neumann (1903-1957) designed the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC) in 1945 with a memory to accommodate either program or data. This technique allows the computer to stop at some point and then resume her job back.
In 1951, the UNIVAC I (Universal Automatic Computer I) made by Remington Rand, became the first commercial computer utilizing the model of von Neumann architecture.
First generation computers were characterized by the fact that the operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task. Each computer has a program different binary-coded-called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit. Another characteristic is the use of first-generation computer vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time very large) and a magnetic cylinder for data storage.
From the above, first generation computer has the following characteristics:
Dipergunakannya component is vacuum tubes (Vacuum tube) to the circuit.
The program can only be made with the machine language: Assembler.
The physical size of a large computer, requiring a spacious room.
Fast heat.
Process is not fast enough.
Small storage capacity.
Require a large electric power.
Orientation on business applications.
Which includes the first-generation computers, among others:
UNIVAC II (the manufacturer Sperry Rand - Univac)
Datamatic 1000 (manufacturer Honeywell)
Mark II, Mark III, IBM 702, IBM 704, IBM 709 (manufacturer International Business Machine)
CRC, NCR 102A, 102D NCR (National Cash Register manufacturer)
BIZMAC I, BIZMAC II (the manufacturer RCA)
2. Development of Second Generation Computers
In 1948, the invention of the transistor greatly influenced the development of the computer. The transistor replaced the vacuum tube in televisions, radios, and computers. As a result, the size of the electrical machines is reduced drastically. The transistor used in computers began in 1956. In other findings in the form of the development of magnetic-core memory to help the development of second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than their predecessors.
The first machine that utilizes this new technology is a supercomputer. IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery-Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers, which were developed for atomic energy laboratories, could handle large amounts of data. The machines are very expensive and tend to be too complex for business computing needs, thereby limiting. There are only two LARC has ever installed and used: one at the Lawrence Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the other in the US Navy Research and Development Center in Washington DC The second-generation computers replaced the machine language with assembly language. Assembly language is a language that uses abbreviations to replace the binary code. In the early 1960s, began to appear successful second generation computers in business, in universities and in government.
The second generation of computers is a fully computer using transistor. They also have components that can be associated with the computer at this time: a printer, storage, disk, memory, operating system, and programs.
One important example was the IBM 1401 is widely accepted in the industry. In 1965, almost all large businesses use computers to process the second generation of financial information. The program stored in the computer and programming language that is in it gives flexibility to the computer. Flexibility is increased performance at a reasonable price for business use. With this concept, the computer can print customer invoices and minutes later design products or calculate paychecks.
Some programming languages began to appear at that time. Programming language Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL) and FORTRAN (Formula Translator) came into common use. This programming language replaces complicated machine code with words, sentences, and mathematical formulas are more easily understood by humans. This allows a person to program a computer. A wide variety of emerging careers (programmer, analyst, and computer systems expert). Software industry also began to appear and grow during this second generation computers.
From the above, the second generation has the following characteristics:
In the form of a transistor circuit.
The program can be made with high-level languages (high level language), such as FORTRAN, COBOL, ALGOL.
The main memory capacity is large enough.
The physical size of the computer smaller than the first generation.
Operation process has been fast.
Requires less power.
Oriented business and engineering.
The second generation of computers which are:
UNIVAC III, UNIVAC SS80, SS90 UNIVAC, UNIVAC 1107 9pabrik-maker Sperry Rand UNIVAC).
Burrouhgs 200 (manufacturer Burroughs).
IBM 7070, IBM 7080, IBM 1400, IBM 1600.
NCR 300 (manufacturer National Cash Register).
400 Honeywell, Honeywell 800.
CDC 1604, CDC 160A (manufacturer Control Data Corporation).
GE 635, GE 645, GE 200 (manufacturer General Electric).
3. Development of Third Generation Computers
Although the transistor is superior to the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial heat, which could potentially damage the internal parts of the computer. Quartz stone (quartz rock) eliminates this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated circuit (IC: integrated circuit) in 1958. IC combined three electronic components onto a small silicon disc made of quartz sand. The scientists managed to fit more components into a single chip, called a semiconductor. As a result, computers became ever smaller as more components were squeezed onto the chip.
Other third-generation development is the use of the operating system (operating system) that allows the engine to run many different programs together with a central program that monitors and coordinates the computer's memory.
From the above, third-generation computers have the following characteristics
The components used are IC (Integrated Circuits).
Enhancement of its software.
Faster processing.
Larger memory capacity.
More efficient use of electricity.
Smaller physical form.
More affordable price.
The third generation computers include:
UNIVAC 1109, UNIVAC 9000.
5700 Burroughs, Burroughs 6700, Burroughs 7700.
GE 600, GE 235.
CDC 3000, CDC 6000, CDC 7000.
PDP-8, the PDP-11 (manufacturer Digital Equipment Corporation).
4. The development of Fourth Generation Computers
In the 1980s, the Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) contains thousands of components in a single chip. Ultra-Large Scale Integration (ULSI) increased that number into the millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip the size of a half dime helped diminish the size and price of computers. It also increased their power, efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004 chip made in 1971, took the IC with all the components of a computer (central processing unit, memory, and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task specific. Now, a microprocessor can be manufactured and then programmed to meet all the requirements. Not long after, everyday household items such as microwave ovens, televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel injection equipped with microprocessors.
In the mid-1970s, computer assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These computers, called minicomputers, sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most popular software at the time was word processing and spreadsheet programs. In the early 1980s, video games such as the Atari 2600 ignited consumer interest in home computers are more sophisticated and can be programmed.
In 1981, IBM introduced the use of Personal Computer (PC) for use in home, office, and school. The number of PCs in use jumped from 2 million units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later, 65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a smaller size, of computers that are on the table (desktop computer) into a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop), or even a computer that can be grasped (palmtops). IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in the computer. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer.
At the present time, we know the journey IBM compatible with CPU usage: IBM PC / 486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc. This is all included in the class of fourth-generation computers.
From the above, the fourth-generation computers have the following characteristics:
Using Large Scale Integration (LSI).
Developed microcomputer using a microprocessor and semiconductor memory in the form of chips for computers.
The fourth-generation computers include:
IBM 370.
Apple II.
IBM PC / XT, IBM PC / AT, IBM PS / 2, IBM PC / 386, IBM PC / 486.
IBM Pentium II.
5. The development of the Fifth Generation Computer
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the manufacture of fifth generation computers. Two engineering advances which are mainly parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the non-Neumann model. Non Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work in unison. Another advancement is the superconducting technology that allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
In this generation is characterized by the emergence of: LSI (Large Scale Integration) which is the solidification of thousands microprocessor into a microprocessor. In addition, it is also marked by the emergence of microprocessor and semi-conductor. Companies that make the microprocessor include: Intel Corporation, Motorola, Zilog and others. In the market we can see the microprocessor from Intel with models 4004, 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, and Pentium.
Pentium-4 is the latest production from Intel Corporation that is expected to cover all the weaknesses that exist in previous products, in addition, the ability and speed of the Pentium-4 also increased to 2 GHz. The pictures were shown to be much smoother and sharper, in addition to the speed of processing, sending or receiving pictures also becomes faster.
Pentium-4 manufactured using 0:18 micron technology. With the increasingly smaller form resulting in power, current and voltage heat released is also getting smaller. With a faster processor cooler, can produce higher MHz speed. Speed owned is 20 times faster than a Pentium-3 generation.
Packard Bell iXtreme 4140i is one of the PC computer that has been used as a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz, 128 MB RDRAM memory, the hard disk of 40 GB (1.5 GB is used for recovery), as well as GeForce2 MX video card with 32 MB of memory.
HP Pavilion 9850 is also a PC that uses a Pentium-4 processor with a speed of 1.4 GHz her. PC Pentium-4-Packard's Hewllett daaing with predominantly black and gray. Compared with other PC, Pavilion is a PC Pentium-4 with complete facilities. Owned by RDRAM memory 128 MB, 30 GB hard disk with a monitor at 17 inches.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. ICOT institute (Institute for New Computer Technology) was also formed to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of this fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world paradigm computerization.
